Applications and advances of hydrogels in bone tissue engineering repair related to sports injuries

• Hydrogels functionalized via physical, chemical, or biological modifications enhance biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and controlled degradation for bone tissue engineering. • Functionalized hydrogels promote bone regeneration through cell interactions, growth factor signaling, mechanical microenvironment modulation, and drug/nano-delivery systems. • Future hydrogels will integrate smart responsive modules (temperature, pH, enzyme, magnetic) for spatiotemporal control of bioactive factor release. • High-precision 3D printing enables patient-specific scaffolds with controlled architecture and functional gradients for personalized bone defect repair.