Application and progress of transcriptomics and proteomics techniques in the study of intervertebral disc degeneration

• Transcriptomics and proteomics provide complementary insights into the molecular mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration, revealing key regulatory networks and protein dynamics. • Combined omics approaches identify potential diagnostic biomarkers such as miR-26a-5p and serum trypsin inhibitor family A1 for early detection and progression prediction. • Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic data highlights critical signaling pathways (MAPK, PI3K/AKT) and therapeutic targets (AKR1C3, daphnetin) for intervention. • The synergistic application of these technologies enhances the understanding of disc degeneration pathology and supports the development of precision treatments.