Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates for spatial proteomics: principles, applications, and challenges

• AOCs convert protein detection into DNA-based readouts, enabling sensitive and scalable spatial proteomics. • AOC-based technologies support multiplexed protein analysis and in situ protein-protein interaction mapping. • AOCs are compatible with multi-omics integration, advancing understanding of tissue complexity and disease pathology. • Key challenges include reproducibility, conjugation efficiency, and imaging compatibility, guiding future standardization and scalability.