• The overall incidence of any-grade immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is 65%, with high-grade (≥3) events occurring in 15% of patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors.
• Combination therapy (anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus anti-CTLA-4) significantly increases the risk of high-grade irAEs (RR 2.5) compared to monotherapy, with a higher rate of fatal events.
• Dermatologic, gastrointestinal, and endocrine toxicities are the most common irAEs, requiring proactive monitoring and management strategies.
• These findings highlight the need for personalized risk assessment and early intervention to mitigate the impact of irAEs on treatment outcomes.