Adipose-derived stem cells in immune-related skin disease: a review of current research and underlying mechanisms

• ASCs exhibit potent immunosuppressive effects through direct cell–cell interactions with immune cells (T cells, macrophages, B cells) and indirect paracrine mechanisms involving cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles. • ASCs are closely related to skin tissue, making them ideal for regenerative therapy in immune-related skin diseases, with advantages over other mesenchymal stem cells in terms of harvest ease and immunomodulatory potency. • Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate promising therapeutic outcomes of ASCs in treating autoimmune skin diseases, though challenges such as adverse reactions and standardization remain. • The paracrine mechanisms, particularly ASC-secreted extracellular vesicles, are central to the immunomodulatory effects and may offer cell-free therapeutic alternatives.