• High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is most effective for improving basic upper limb motor function after stroke.
• Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) is most effective for enhancing the practicality and dexterity of upper limb function.
• Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is most effective for improving daily living activities in patients with spasticity.
• Network meta-analysis of 51 RCTs provides a ranking of 12 neuromodulation techniques, supporting personalized rehabilitation strategies.