A network meta-analysis of effects of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques on language function in patients with aphasia after stroke

• Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the right Broca's area significantly improves language function in post-stroke non-fluent aphasia, particularly in spontaneous speech, auditory comprehension, and naming. • Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over bilateral Broca's area is most effective for enhancing daily communication abilities in aphasia patients. • Network meta-analysis identified optimal non-invasive neuromodulation protocols among 10 techniques, with low-frequency rTMS and bilateral tDCS showing superior outcomes. • The overall evidence level is low due to limitations in study quantity and quality, necessitating further high-quality randomized controlled trials.