• Immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed cancer treatment, but resistance remains a major hurdle, necessitating combination strategies.
• Adoptive cell therapies, particularly CAR-T cells, show remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies but face challenges in solid tumors.
• Biomarker-driven patient selection is crucial for maximizing therapeutic benefit and minimizing toxicity.
• Novel approaches such as neoantigen vaccines and engineered cytokines hold promise for enhancing antitumor immunity and overcoming resistance.