A Closed-Loop Drug Delivery Management System Based on the Internet of Things: Architecture, Implementation, and Clinical Feasibility

• • The closed-loop system achieved a steady-state error of <2% and a response time of <3 seconds, ensuring precise drug dosing and rapid correction of physiological deviations, which is critical for managing acute conditions like hypotension or hyperglycemia. • • The system maintained physiological parameters within target ranges for 95% of operational time, demonstrating high reliability and potential to reduce adverse events due to under- or over-dosing. • • Manual intervention requirements were reduced by 80% compared to conventional open-loop protocols, significantly lowering healthcare workload and enabling more efficient use of clinical resources. • • The IoT platform exhibited a packet loss rate of <0.1% over 24 hours, confirming robust wireless communication for real-time monitoring and control, essential for remote patient management and data integrity.