4D bioprinting for regenerative medicine: a new strategy for intelligent material regulation and tissue regeneration

• 4D bioprinting integrates smart materials and time-dependent shape morphing to create dynamic constructs that mimic native tissue behavior. • Multi-responsive hydrogels and shape-memory polymers enable precise deformation and programmable mechanical properties for cell-laden structures. • 4D-printed dynamic microenvironments can regulate stem cell differentiation and achieve spatiotemporal growth factor release for functional tissue regeneration. • Finite element analysis-driven multi-nozzle printing of heterogeneous hydrogel architectures enables self-folding and topological remodeling of biomimetic vascular networks.