• 10-HDA promotes proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) while inhibiting osteoclast formation.
• 10-HDA activates the SIRT1/FOXO1 signaling pathway, leading to FOXO1 deacetylation and nuclear translocation, which upregulates autophagy-related proteins and antioxidant enzymes.
• Under oxidative stress, 10-HDA enhances the antioxidant capacity of BMSCs and reduces apoptosis and senescence via the SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway.
• 10-HDA shows potential as a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis by restoring the balance between bone formation and resorption.