Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs•2026•DOI: 10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2026.16.20261632
Brain disease treatment is constrained by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in insufficient drug accumulation in the brain, nonspecific distribution, and immune clearance. Although synthetic nanocarriers improve pharmacokinetics, their long-term stability and biosafety remain uncertain. Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) have emerged as therapeutic and delivery platforms owing to natural lipid bilayers, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and scalability. PDNVs carry lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and bioactive small molecules, integrating delivery capability with intrinsic therapeutic activity. Component-structure theory interprets multicomponent systems through elemental structure, quantitative-ratio structure, and phase structure. From this perspective, PDNVs are natural composite nanovesicles formed by ordered integration of endogenous components within membrane-confined spaces. This review examines relationships among PDNVs composition, membrane architecture, BBB-crossing delivery, and therapeutic effects in brain diseases, and summarizes engineering strategies for functional optimization. It provides an analytical framework for rational design, quality control, and optimization of PDNVs as central nervous system drug delivery platforms. The review cites experimental evidence including grapefruit-derived nanovesicles for intestinal macrophage targeting, ginger-derived exosomes for glioblastoma, ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles for active BBB penetration, and Momordica charantia small extracellular vesicles mitigating neuronal ferroptosis via GPX4 ubiquitination inhibition in ischemic stroke. These studies demonstrate PDNVs' dual role in preserving endothelial integrity while modulating the tumor microenvironment, and their capacity for nose-to-brain delivery in Parkinson's disease models. The component-structure framework enables systematic engineering of PDNVs for enhanced BBB penetration and therapeutic efficacy.
Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research•2026•DOI: 10.12307/2026.21542
BACKGROUND: Periosteal stem cells are the key cellular population in magnesium-induced osteogenesis. Integrin α10β1 is a magnesium-dependent heterodimeric adhesion molecule. Mg²⁺ binds to the MIDAS domain of integrin α10β1, functioning as a molecular switch to regulate downstream biological processes. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the mechanism by which magnesium-based implants regulate osteogenic differentiation of periosteal stem cells by activating integrin α10β1. METHODS: Forty-two C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a titanium rod implantation group (n=21) and a magnesium rod implantation group (n=21). Titanium rods and magnesium rods were implanted into the medullary cavity of the intercondylar fossa of the left knee joint femur, respectively. Three days post-surgery, samples were collected for TUNEL staining to observe cell apoptosis around the implants. EdU staining was utilized to observe cell proliferation activity in the cortical bone thickening area. Fourteen days post-surgery, samples were collected for Micro-CT analysis of cortical bone thickening and osteogenesis. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was applied to observe the morphology of new bone in the thickened cortical bone area. Calcein double labeling was used to analyze osteogenic differentiation of periosteal stem cells. qPCR was performed to detect the expression of osteogenic marker genes Runx2, osterix, alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, integrin α10, and integrin β1. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of integrin α10, integrin β1, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphorylated FAK, and components of Wnt/β-catenin and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted to analyze the correlation between integrin α10β1 and osteogenic gene expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) TUNEL and EdU staining showed that around the titanium rod, a large number of apoptotic cells accumulated, and only a few proliferating cells were observed in the periosteal region without osteogenic differentiation; around the magnesium rod, no apoptotic cells were detected, and proliferating cells in the thickened periosteal area were significantly increased. (2) Micro-CT analysis showed that the titanium rod was not degraded, while the magnesium rod degraded significantly; the magnesium rod group exhibited better cortical bone thickening and osteogenesis than the titanium rod group. Hematoxylin-eosin and calcein double labeling staining showed that the magnesium rod group had superior cortical bone thickening and osteogenesis compared to the titanium rod group. qPCR results showed that the mRNA expression of Runx2, osterix, alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, integrin α10, and integrin β1 was higher in the magnesium rod group than in the titanium rod group. Western blot results showed that the protein expression of integrin α10, integrin β1, FAK, phosphorylated FAK, and Wnt/β-catenin was higher in the magnesium rod group, while MAPK expression was lower. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between integrin α10β1 and the expression of Runx2, osterix, alkaline phosphatase, and bone sialoprotein. (3) These findings indicate that magnesium-based implants promote osteogenic differentiation of periosteal stem cells by activating the integrin α10β1-FAK/p-FAK signaling pathway, upregulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and inhibiting part of the MAPK signaling.