Application of Plant-Derived Nanovesicles in Brain Diseases: A Component-Structure Theory Perspective

• • Grapefruit-derived nanovesicles achieved targeted drug delivery to intestinal macrophages at 22(3): 522-534 (2014), establishing the foundational proof-of-concept for PDNV-mediated cell-specific targeting; this matters industrially because it validates plant vesicles as ligand-competent carriers without synthetic surface modification, reducing manufacturing complexity and regulatory burden for targeted brain therapeutics. • • Ginger-derived exosomes demonstrated anti-glioblastoma efficacy at Nano Lett 2025, 25(49): 17194-17203, with active BBB penetration and tumor microenvironment modulation; clinically, this provides a natural carrier that bypasses the 98% small-molecule exclusion rate at the BBB, potentially replacing invasive intrathecal delivery for glioblastoma patients. • • Ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles achieved active blood-brain-barrier penetration and anti-glioma effects at J Nanobiotechnol 2023, 21(1): 253; this is operationally significant because it demonstrates that PDNVs can exploit endogenous transport mechanisms rather than passive diffusion, enabling dose reduction and minimizing off-target toxicity compared to synthetic nanoparticles requiring ligand conjugation. • • Momordica charantia small extracellular vesicles mitigated neuronal ferroptosis by inhibiting GPX4 ubiquitination in ischemic stroke at Phytomedicine 2025, 148: 157298, while Houttuynia cordata-derived extracellular vesicle-like particles alleviated ischemic brain injury via miR159a targeting ACSL4 to suppress ferroptosis at Chin Med 2025, 20(1): 141; these findings establish PDNVs as dual-function nanoplatforms where the cargo (miRNA) and carrier are inseparable, eliminating drug loading steps and reducing batch-to-batch variability in combination therapies.