Quality Evaluation of Standard Decoction of Viticis Negundo Folium Based on Multi-Dimensional Quality Characterization Technology

• • Four Q-Markers were quantified in 15 batches: p-hydroxybenzoic acid (18.98 mg/g), isoorientin (9.13 mg/g), isovitexin (4.72 mg/g), and AG (1.64 mg/g) in standard decoction, with transfer rates from decoction pieces of 118.83%, 24.61%, 54.75%, and 19.81%, respectively. The >100% transfer rate for p-hydroxybenzoic acid indicates potential decarboxylation or release from bound forms during decoction, necessitating process optimization to ensure batch-to-batch consistency. • • Network pharmacology identified MMP2, RELA, HDAC1, and SERPINE1 as core targets, with cellular senescence, AGE-RAGE, PI3K-Akt, and EB virus infection pathways as key mechanisms. These targets are clinically relevant to bronchitis, as MMP2 and RELA are implicated in airway remodeling and inflammation, providing a molecular rationale for the empirical use of VNF. • • The UPLC method achieved baseline separation of nine characteristic peaks within 29 min, with four peaks confirmed by reference standards. The use of a Cortecs C18 column (2.7 μm particle size) and 0.1% phosphoric acid mobile phase ensures reproducibility (RSD < 2% for peak areas in validation), critical for routine quality control in pharmaceutical manufacturing. • • The transfer rates of isoorientin (24.61%) and AG (19.81%) are relatively low, suggesting substantial losses during decoction, possibly due to thermal degradation or incomplete extraction. This highlights the need for standardized extraction protocols to maximize yield and maintain bioactivity, as these compounds contribute to the anti-bronchitis effects.