• • CCA at 270.3 mg/kg for 8 weeks increased collagen volume fraction and epidermal/dermal thickness with P<0.01–0.001, directly counteracting D-galactose-induced dermal atrophy and restoring mechanical skin integrity.
• • Serum Ang1/Ang2 ratio rose to near-normal levels (P<0.001) while PDGFRβ expression increased, indicating enhanced pericyte coverage and vascular maturation—critical for reducing leaky, pro-inflammatory microvessels in aged skin.
• • In H2O2-stressed HUVEC, CCA (62.5–250.0 μg/mL) reduced SA-β-gal positivity and ROS (P<0.001) and downregulated p53, p21, and VEGFA (P<0.05–0.001), demonstrating direct endothelial protection and suppression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype.
• • CCA upregulated p-Tie2 and VE-cadherin (P<0.001) and improved pericyte recruitment and barrier integrity, providing a mechanistic basis for stabilizing endothelial junctions and reducing vascular permeability in aging microenvironments.