• • USC-derived Klotho inhibits TGF-β signaling in HK-2 fibrosis models, reducing fibrotic markers by up to 50% (p<0.05), offering a targeted approach to halt CKD progression.
• • Engineered USC-EVs achieve >80% encapsulation efficiency and sustained release over 14 days, improving renal bioavailability and reducing required dosing frequency in preclinical models.
• • Scaffold-free cell sheets maintain >90% cell viability post-transplantation and integrate with host tissue, promoting peritubular capillary density by 30% in injured kidneys.
• • Donor variability in USC expansion rates (range 15-25 population doublings) necessitates standardized quality control metrics to ensure batch-to-batch consistency for clinical use.