• • Serum ucOC levels were 0.82 ng/mL in T2DM patients versus 1.17 ng/mL in controls (30% reduction, p<0.05), indicating that undercarboxylated osteocalcin depletion is a hallmark of T2DM in the Chinese Han population; this suggests ucOC could serve as a diagnostic biomarker for early detection of insulin resistance.
• • cOC levels were 12.19 ng/mL in T2DM patients versus 14.47 ng/mL in controls (16% reduction, p<0.05), and cOC exhibited a significant inverse correlation with HbA1c (8.95% in T2DM vs. control), implying that poor glycemic control directly impacts carboxylated osteocalcin levels, potentially linking bone health to glucose homeostasis.
• • The ucOC/cOC ratio was 0.07 in T2DM patients versus 0.09 in controls (22% reduction, p<0.05), reflecting a shift in osteocalcin carboxylation status that may contribute to T2DM pathophysiology; this ratio could be a more sensitive marker than total OC for assessing metabolic dysfunction.
• • The CC genotype at rs933489 was associated with lower ucOC levels in Chinese Han T2DM patients (p<0.05), identifying a genetic predisposition that could guide personalized risk assessment and therapeutic strategies targeting osteocalcin pathways in this population.