• • Astrocyte-derived PDGF and LIF are essential for oligodendrocyte survival; in vitro studies show that blocking these factors reduces OLG viability by >50%, underscoring the need to maintain astrocyte-OLG signaling for effective remyelination.
• • Astrocyte activation via STAT3 signaling determines the balance between oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell remyelination; STAT3 knockout mice exhibit a 2-fold increase in Schwann cell remyelination, indicating that STAT3 is a critical switch that can be targeted to favor CNS remyelination.
• • Microglial M1/M2 polarization differentially regulates neuroinflammation; M1 microglia release pro-inflammatory cytokines that inhibit OPC differentiation by up to 70%, while M2 microglia promote remyelination, highlighting the therapeutic potential of modulating microglial polarization.
• • Astrocytes enhance exosomal secretion from OPCs via integrin β4-mediated adhesion, increasing OPC proliferation by approximately 40%; this mechanism represents a scalable target for boosting endogenous OPC pools in demyelinating lesions.