Corrigendum to 'Caveolin-1-deficient fibroblasts promote migration, invasion, and stemness by activating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in breast cancer cells'

• • Figure 2D (Transwell assay for MDA-MB-231 migration/invasion) was mislabeled; corrected panel now accurately reflects the original experimental results, ensuring that the reported CAV-1 deficiency effect on BCC invasion remains statistically supported at *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. • • Figure 4A (immunofluorescence for TGF-β1) contained a processing error; the corrected image confirms that CAV-1-deficient fibroblasts induce TGF-β1 secretion, a critical step in activating the TGF-β/Smad pathway, with significance thresholds of #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001. • • Figure 5A (scratch test for co-cultured BCCs) was mistakenly replaced; the corrected panel validates that SB431542 inhibits EMT and stemness in the CAV-1-deficient microenvironment, with statistical significance at ****P < 0.0001, reinforcing the therapeutic potential of TGF-β pathway inhibition. • • All corrections are strictly confined to figure presentation; the underlying data, statistical analyses (n = 3, mean ± SD), and main conclusions remain unaffected, preserving the study's clinical relevance for targeting CAV-1/TGF-β crosstalk in breast cancer.